LIVE' WIRE http://zeta4.blogwae.com Just another Blogwae.com weblog Wed, 11 Jun 2008 13:56:43 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=wordpress-mu-1.2.1 en Mengenal Pribadi Rosullullah http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/06/11/mengenal-pribadi-rosullullah/ http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/06/11/mengenal-pribadi-rosullullah/#comments Wed, 11 Jun 2008 13:56:43 +0000 zeta4 http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/06/11/mengenal-pribadi-rosullullah/ MENGENAL PRIBADI RASULLULLAH
Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam

 

 

KELAHIRAN RASULULLAH SAW

1.   Allah Ta’ala berfirman:

“Sungguh Allah telah memberi karunia kepada orang-orang yang beriman ketika Allah mengutus diantara mereka seorang rasul dari golongan mereka sendiri, yang membacakan kepada mereka ayat-ayat-Nya, membersihkan (jiwa) mereka, dan mengajarkan mereka Al Kitab dan Al Hikmah dan sebelum itu, mereka benar-benar berada dalam kesesatan yang nyata.” (QS. Ali ‘Imran: 164)

2.   Allah Ta’ala berfirman:

“Katakanlah: “Sesungguhnya saya ini hanyalah seorang manusia seperti kamu, yang diwahyukan kepadaku bahwa sesungguhnya Tuhan kamu adalah Tuhan yang Esa.” (QS. Al Kahfi: 11)

3.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam pernah ditanya tentang puasa pada hari Senin. Beliau menjawab: “Pada hari itulah aku dilahirkan, lalu diangkat menjadi Rasul dan diturunkan Al-Qur’an kepadaku.” (HR. Muslim)

4.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam dilahirkan pada hari Senin bulan Rabi’ul Awal di Makkah Al Mukarramah tahun Al Fiil (571 M), berasal dari kedua orang tua yang sudah ma’ruf. Bapaknya bernama Abdullah bin Abdul Muthallib dan ibunya bernama Aminah binti Wahb. Kakek beliau memberinya nama Muhammad. Bapak beliau meninggal dunia sebelum kelahirannya.

5.   Sesungguhnya termasuk kewajiban seorang muslim adalah hendaknya dia mengetahui kedudukan Rasul yang mulia ini, berhukum dengan Al Qur’an yang diturunkan kepadanya, berakhlak dengan akhlaknya serta mengutamakan dakwah kepada Tauhid yang mana risalahnya dimulai dengannya sesuai firman Allah Ta’ala:
“Katakan: Sesungguhnya saya hanya menyembah Rabbku dan saya tidak memperse-kutukan sesuatupun dengan-Nya.” (QS. Al-Jin: 20)

 

NAMA DAN NASAB RASULULLAH SAW

1.   Allah Ta’ala berfirman:

“Muhammad adalah Rasulullah.” (QS. Al Fath: 29)

2.   Rasullullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bersabda:

“Saya memiliki lima nama: Saya Muhammad, saya Ahmad, saya Al-Mahi yang Allah menghapus kekufuran denganku, saya Al-Hasyir yang manusia dikumpulkan di atas kedua kakiku, dan saya Al-’Aqib yang tidak ada Nabipun setelahnya.” (Muttafaq ‘Alaih)

Dan Allah menamakannya dengan “Raufur Rahim”

3.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam mengenalkan dirinya kepada kita dengan beberapa nama: “Saya Muhammad, saya Ahmad, saya Al Muqaffy (Nabi terakhir) dan Al Hasyir, saya Nabi At Taubah, Nabi Ar Rahman.” (HR. Muslim )

4.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bersabda:

“Tidaklah kamu heran bagaimana Allah memalingkan dari saya cacian orang-orang Quraisy dan laknat mereka? Mereka mencaci dan melaknat saya (dengan sesutu) yang sangat tercela, dan saya adalah Muhammad.” (HR. Bukhari )

5.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bersabda:

“Sesungguhnya Allah telah memilih dari keturunan Ismail Kinayah, dan dari Kinayah Allah memilih Quraisy, dari Quraisy Allah memilih bani Hasyim, dan dari bani Hasyim Allah memilih saya.” (HR. Muslim )

6.   Dan Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bersabda yang artinya:

“Namailah diri kalian dengan nama-nama saya, tapi janganlah kalian berkuniah (mengambil gelar) dengan kuniah saya. Karena sesungguhnya saya adalah Qasim sebagai pembagi diantara kalian.” (HR. Muslim )

 

RASULULLAH SAW, SEOLAH-OLAH KAMU MELIHATNYA

1.   Bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam adalah manusia yang paling tampan wajahnya, paling bagus bentuk penciptaannya, tidak terlalu tinggi dan tidak terlalu pendek. (Muttafaq ‘Alaih)

2.   Bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam berkulit putih dan berwajah elok. (HR. Muslim)

3.   Bahwasanya badan Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam tidak terlalu tinggi dan tidak terlalu pendek, dadanya bidang, jenggotnya lebat, rambutnya sampai ke daun telinga, saya (Shahabat-pent) pernah melihatnya berpakaian merah, dan saya tidak pernah melihat yang lebih indah dari padanya. (HR. Bukhari)

4.   Bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam kepalanya besar, demikian juga kedua tangan dan kedua kakinya, serta tampan wajahnya. Saya (Shahabat-pent) belum pernah melihat orang yang seperti dia, baik sebelum maupun sesudahnya. (HR. Bukhari)

5.   Bahwasanya wajah Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bundar bagaikan Matahari dan Bulan. (HR. Muslim)

6.   Bahwasanya apabila Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam gembira, wajahnya menjadi bercahaya seolah-olah seperti belaian Bulan, dan kami semua mengetahui yang demikian itu. (Muttafaq ‘Alaih)

7.   Bahwasanya tidaklah Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam tertawa kecuali dengan senyum, dan apabila kamu memandangnya maka kamu akan menyangka bahwa beliau memakai celak pada kedua matanya, padahal beliau tidak memakai celak. (Hadits Hasan, Riwayat At Tirmidzi)

8.   Dari Aisyah Radhiyallahu ‘anha berkata: “Tidak pernah saya melihat Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam tertawa terbahak-bahak sehingga kelihatan batas kerongkongannya. Akan tetapi tertawa beliau adalah dengan tersenyum.” (HR. Bukhari)

9.   Dari Jabir bin Samrah Radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata: “Saya pernah melihat Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam pada bulan purnama. Saya memandang beliau sambil memandang bulan. Beliau mengenakan pakaian merah. Maka menurut saya beliau lebih indah daripada bulan.” (Dikeluarkan At Tirmidzi, dia berkata Hadits Hasan Gharib. Dan dishahihkan oleh Al Hakim serta disetujui oleh Adz-Dzahabi)

10. Dan betapa indahnya ucapan seorang penyair yang mensifati Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam dengan sya’irnya:

“Si Putih diminta memohon hujan dari awan dengan wajahnya Si Pemberi makan anak-anak Yatim dan pelindung para janda.”

Sya’ir ini berasal dari kalamnya Abu Thalib yang disenandungkan oleh Ibnu Umar dan yang lain. Ketika itu kemarau melanda kaum muslimin, maka Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam memohon hujan untuk mereka dengan berdo’a: Allahummasqinaa (Ya Allah turunkanlah hujan kepada kami), maka turunlah hujan. (HR. Bukhari)

Adapun makna dan sya’ir tersebut adalah Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam yang disifati dengan Si Putih diminta untuk menghadapkan wajahnya yang mulia kepada Allah dan berdo’a supaya diturunkan hujan kepada mereka. Hal itu terjadi ketika beliau masih hidup, adapun setelah kematian beliau maka Khalifah Umar bin Al Khathab bertawasul dengan Al Abbas agar dia berdo’a meminta hujan dan mereka tidak bertawasul dengan beliau.

 

CAP KENABIAN RASULULLAH SAW

1.   Dari Jabir bin Samrah radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata: “Saya pernah melihat cap kenabian diantara kedua bahu Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam , (cap itu berbentuk) gondok merah seperti telur burung dara yang menyerupai warna jasadnya.” (HR. Muslim)

2.   Dari Abdullah bin Sarjas radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata: “Saya telah melihat Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam, say (juga) telah menemuinya, makan makanannya, minum minumannya, dan saya pernah melihat cap kenabian di punuk pundaknya sebelah kiri, di atas cap kenabian tersebut terkumpul tahi lalat semisal kutil.”  (HR. Muslim)

3.   Dari Al Ja’du bin Abdur Rahman berkata: “Saya mendengar As Sa’ib bin Yasid berkata: “Bibi saya pergi membawa saya ke Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam, kemudian berkata: “Wahai Rasulullah, sesungguhnya anak keponakan saya ini kurang sehat.” Maka beliau mengusap kepala saya dan mendoakan keberkahan buat saya. Lalu beliau berwudhu, dan saya meminum air wudhu beliau. Kemudian saya berdiri di belakang punggungnya. Saya melihat cap kenabian di antara kedua bahunya seperti telur burung puyuh.” (Mutafaq ‘Alaih)

 

KEHARUMAN BAU RASULULLAH SAW

1.   Dari Anas radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata: “Bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam mempunyai warna kulit yang bersih, keringatnya seperti mutiara, apabila berjalan beliau mendorongkan badannya ke depan. Belum pernah saya menyentuh sutra bergambar yang lebih lembut dari tangannya ras Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam. Dan saya belum pernah mencium minyak wangi dari Misk maupun Ambar yang lebih harum dari baunya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam.” (Mutafaq ‘Alaih)

2.   Dari Anas radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata: “Nabi pernah mengunjungi kami, kemudian beliau tidur siang sehingga berkeringat. Datanglah ibu saya dengan membawa sebuah botol. Kemudian beliau (Ibu Anas ra, ed) mengalirkan keringat beliau (Rasulullah SAW, ed) ke botol tersebut, sehingga Nabi terbangun dan bertanya: Wahai Ummu Sulaim, apa yang kamu lakukan? Ibu saya menjawab: Keringatmu ini akan kami jadikan sebagai parfum. Karena dia merupakan parfum yang paling wangi.” (HR. Muslim)

3.   Bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam dikenal dengan keharuman bau bila bersua. (Disahihkan oleh Al-Albani di Shahih Al Jami’)

4.   Dari Anas radhiyallahu ‘anhu , bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam tidak pernah menolak minyak wangi. (HR. Bukhari)

5.   Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam bersabda yang artinya: “Sebaik-baik minyak wangi adalah Misk.” (HR. Muslim)

 

Dinukil dari: Mengenal Pribadi Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam, Penulis: Syaikh Muhammad Jamil Zainu. Alih bahasa: Mukhlish Zuhdi. Penerbit Yayasan Al-Madinah, Shafar 1419 H, hal. 11-16

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Internet security

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

 

Internet security is the prevention of unauthorized access and/or damage to computer systems via internet access. Most that gives a user access to a[1]program or system.

 

Internet security professionals should be fluent in the four major aspects:

Contents

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[edit] Routers

For more details on this topic, see Router.

Network Address Translation (NAT) typically has the effect of preventing connections from being established inbound into a computer, whilst permitting connections out. For a small home network, software NAT can be used on the computer with the Internet connection, providing similar behaviour to a router and similar levels of security, but for a lower cost and lower complexity.

 

 

[edit] Firewalls

For more details on this topic, see Firewall.

A firewall blocks all “roads and cars” through authorized ports on your computer, thus restricting unfettered access. A stateful firewall is a more secure form of firewall, and system administrators often combine a proxy firewall with a packet-filtering firewall to create a highly secure system. Most home users use a software firewall. These types of firewalls can create a log file where it records all the connection details (including connection attempts) with the PC.

 

 

[edit] Anti-virus

For more details on this topic, see Malware.

Some people or companies with malicious intentions write programs like computer viruses, worms, trojan horses and spyware. These programs are all characterised as being unwanted software that install themselves on your computer through deception.

 

Trojan horses are simply programs that conceal their true purpose or include a hidden functionality that a user would not want.

 

Worms are characterised by having the ability to replicate themselves and viruses are similar except that they achieve this by adding their code onto third party software. Once a virus or worm has infected a computer, it would typically infect other programs (in the case of viruses) and other computers.

 

Viruses also slow down system performance and cause strange system behavior and in many cases do serious harm to computers, either as deliberate, malicious damage or as unintentional side effects.

 

In order to prevent damage by viruses and worms, users typically install antivirus software, which runs in the background on the computer, detecting any suspicious software and preventing it from running.

 

Some malware that can be classified as trojans with a limited payload are not detected by most antivirus software and may require the use of other software designed to detect other classes of malware, including spyware.

 

 

[edit] Anti-spyware

For more details on this topic, see Malware.

There are several kinds of threats:

  • Spyware is software that runs on a computer without the explicit permission of its user. It often gathers private information from a user’s computer and sends this data over the Internet back to the software manufacturer.
  • Adware is software that runs on a computer without the owner’s consent, much like spyware. However, instead of taking information, it typically runs in the background and displays random or targeted pop-up advertisements. In many cases, this slows the computer down and may also cause software conflicts.

 

[edit] Browser choice

 

Internet Explorer is currently the most widely used web browser in the world,[2] making it the prime target for phishing and many other possible attacks.

 

 

[edit] See also

 

[edit] References

  1. ^ boogie
  2. ^ Browser Statistics. w3schools.com. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.

 

[edit] External links

 

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_security“

 

Categories: Computer network security

 

 

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]]> http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/04/19/internet-security/feed/ computer networking http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/04/19/computer-networking/ http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/04/19/computer-networking/#comments Fri, 18 Apr 2008 18:55:52 +0000 zeta4 http://zeta4.blogwae.com/2008/04/19/computer-networking/

Computer networking

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
WikiProject Computer networking or the Computer networking Portal may be able to help recruit one.If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.

Network cards such as this one can transmit and receive data at high rates over various types of network cables. This card is a 'Combo' card which supports three cabling standards.

Network cards such as this one can transmit and receive data at high rates over various types of network cables. This card is a ‘Combo’ card which supports three cabling standards.

This article is about computer networking, the discipline of engineering computer networks. For the article on computer networks, see Computer network.

Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called RFCs.[1] Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.

A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data.[2] Examples of networks are:

All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless technologies.[3] The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet[4]).

Contents

[hide]

//

[edit] Views of networks

Users and network administrators often have different views of their networks. Often, users share printers and some servers form a workgroup, which usually means they are in the same geographic location and are on the same LAN. A community of interest has less of a connotation of being in a local area, and should be thought of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of servers, and possibly also communicate via peer-to-peer technologies.

Network administrators see networks from both physical and logical perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic locations, physical cabling, and the network elements (e.g., routers, bridges and application layer gateways that interconnect the physical media. Logical networks, called, in the TCP/IP architecture, subnets , map onto one or more physical media. For example, a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a set of LAN cables in each building appear to be a common subnet, using virtual LAN (VLAN) technology.

Both users and administrators will be aware, to varying extents, of the trust and scope characteristics of a network. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology, an intranet is a community of interest under private administration usually by an enterprise, and is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. employees) (RFC 2547). Intranets do not have to be connected to the Internet, but generally have a limited connection. An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows secure communications to users outside of the intranet (e.g. business partners, customers)RFC 3547.

Informally, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises,and content providers that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers (ISP). From an engineering standpoint, the Internet is the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets, which share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically, the human-readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses, transparently to users, via the directory function of the Domain Name System (DNS).

Over the Internet, there can be business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) communications. Especially when money or sensitive information is exchanged, the communications are apt to be secured by some form of communications security mechanism. Intranets and extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet, without any access by general Internet users, using secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology.

When used for gaming one computer will have to be the server while the others play through it.

[edit] History

Before the advent of computer networks that were based upon some type of telecommunications system, communication between calculation machines and early computers was performed by human users by carrying instructions between them. Many of the social behavior seen in today’s Internet was demonstrably present in nineteenth-century telegraph networks, and arguably in even earlier networks using visual signals. [5]

In September 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model K at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the same means. Linking output systems like teletypes to computers was an interest at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) when, in 1962, J.C.R. Licklider was hired and developed a working group he called the “Intergalactic Network”, a precursor to the ARPANet.

In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the Dartmouth Time Sharing System for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at MIT, a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer (DEC’s PDP-8) to route and manage telephone connections.

Throughout the 1960s Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently conceptualized and developed network systems which used datagrams or packets that could be used in a packet switched network between computer systems.

1965 Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area network(WAN).

The first widely used PSTN switch that used true computer control was the Western Electric 1ESS switch, introduced in 1965.

In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah were connected as the beginning of the ARPANet network using 50 kbit/s circuits. Commercial services using X.25, an alternative architecture to the TCP/IP suite, were deployed in 1972.

Computer networks, and the technologies needed to connect and communicate through and between them, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals industries. This expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of users of networks from the researcher to the home user.

Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication. For example, all modern aspects of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) are computer-controlled, and telephony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol, although not necessarily the public Internet. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade and this boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer network.

[edit] Networking methods

Networking is a complex part of computing that makes up most of the IT Industry. Without networks, almost all communication in the world would cease to happen. It is because of networking that telephones, televisions, the internet, etc. work.

One way to categorize computer networks is by their geographic scope, although many real-world networks interconnect Local Area Networks (LAN) via Wide Area Networks (WAN)and wireless networks[WWAN]. These three (broad) types are:

[edit] Local area network (LAN)

A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small space and provides services to a small number of people. Depending on the number of people that use a Local Area Network, a peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking may be used. A peer-to-peer network is where each client shares their resources with other workstations in the network. Examples of peer-to-peer networks are: Small office networks where resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-server network is where every client is connected to the server and each other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities. These can be classified into two types: Single-service servers, where the server performs one task such as file server, print server, etc.; while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file servers and print servers, but they also conduct calculations and use these to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server). Computers are linked via Ethernet Cable, can be joined either directly (one computer to another), or via a network hub that allows multiple connections.

Historically, LANs have featured much higher speeds than WANs. This is not necessarily the case when the WAN technology appears as Metro Ethernet, implemented over optical transmission systems.

[edit] Wide area network (WAN)

A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of resources are deployed across a large domestic area or internationally. An example of this is a multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries. The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a network comprised of many smaller networks. The Internet is considered the largest network in the world.[6]. The PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network that is converging to use Internet technologies, although not necessarily through the public Internet.

A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of a wide range of different technologies. These technologies include Point-to-Point WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between the WAN technologies is based on the switching capabilities they perform and the speed at which sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.

For more information on WANs, see Frame Relay, ATM and Sonet.

[edit] Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN)

A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires between hosts and servers. The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers. These types of networks are beneficial when it is too costly or inconvenient to run the necessary cables. For more information, see Wireless LAN and Wireless wide area network. The media access protocols for LANs come from the IEEE.

The most common IEEE 802.11 WLANs cover, depending on antennas, ranges from hundreds of meters to low kilometers. For larger areas, either communications satellites of various types, cellular radio, or wireless local loop (IEEE 802.16) all have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the type of mobility needed, the relevant standards may come from the IETF or the ITU. Networking is meljohn olmikoy anak ni delia ug melchor… pg.ruch…

[edit] Network topology

The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected, physically and logically. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions. Commonly used topologies include:

  • Bus
  • Star
  • Tree (hierarchical)
  • Linear
  • Ring
  • Mesh
    • partially connected
    • fully connected (sometimes known as fully redundant)

The network topologies mentioned above are only a general representation of the kinds of topologies used in computer network and are considered basic topologies.

[edit] Suggested topics

See the List of suggested topics for computer networking research.

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Internet Standards Process — Revision 3, RFC 2026, S. Bradner, October 1996.
  2. ^ http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_computer_network.html Computer network definition
  3. ^ http://www.bellevuelinux.org/network.html Computer networks defined.
  4. ^ Interplanetary Internet, 2000 Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, A. Hooke,September 2000
  5. ^ The Victorian Internet,T. Standage,1998
  6. ^ http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=internet&j=54184,00.asp “internet” defined

[edit] External links

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking“

Categories: Computer networking | Communication engineering

Hidden categories: Computer networking articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention | Pages needing expert attention

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